Briefly, describe how GPCR and heterotrimeric G protein-mediated signaling occurs. Answer : Binding of a signaling molecule (ligand) to GPCRs causes a conformation change in GPCR, leading to heterotrimeric G protein activation, where GTP physically replaces the GDP bound to the alpha ... some G proteins stimulate the activity of target proteins, whereas others G proteins are inhibitory....
What are gap junctions and how do they contribute to cell-cell signaling? Answer : Gap junctions are specialized connections that form a pore between adjacent cells, which permit small molecules and ions to move from one cell to another. In this way, gap junctions provide metabolic and electrical coupling between cells....
List several side-to-side cellular junctions that can influence cell signaling. Answer : Gap junctions, desmosomes, adherens junctions, integrin connections...
What common cell types are regulated by ion channels and are commonly referred to as excitable cells? Answer : neurons, muscle cells, sensory receptor cells...
Briefly describe how ion channels function. Answer : Ion channels open and close in response to chemical or mechanical signals. When an ion channel opens, ions rapidly move into or out of the cell. Most ion channels close and enter a resting ... gradient and can lead to a rapid wave of ion channel activation throughout the entire plasma membrane....
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